Oral Tori in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Identifieur interne : 000760 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000759; suivant : 000761Oral Tori in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Auteurs : Chia-Lin Hsu [Taïwan] ; Ching-Wei Hsu [Taïwan] ; Pei-Ching Chang [Taïwan] ; Wen-Hung Huang [Taïwan] ; Cheng-Hao Weng [Taïwan] ; Huang-Yu Yang [Taïwan] ; Shou-Hsuan Liu [Taïwan] ; Kuan-Hsing Chen [Taïwan] ; Shu-Man Weng [Taïwan] ; Chih-Chun Chang [Taïwan] ; I-Kuan Wang [Taïwan] ; Aileen I. Tsai [Taïwan] ; Tzung-Hai Yen [Taïwan]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The pathogenesis of oral tori has long been debated and is thought to be the product of both genetic and environmental factors, including occlusal forces. Another proposed mechanism for oral tori is the combination of biomechanical forces, particularly in the oral cavity, combined with cortical bone loss and trabecular expansion, as one might see in the early stages of primary hyperparathyroidism. This study investigated the epidemiology of torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM) in peritoneal dialysis patients, and analyzed the influences of hyperparathyroidism on the formation of oral tori.
In total, 134 peritoneal dialysis patients were recruited between July 1 and December 31, 2015 for dental examinations for this study. Patients were categorized into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of oral tori. Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis.
The prevalence of oral tori in our sample group was high at 42.5% (57 of 134), and most patients with oral tori were female (61.4%). The most common location of tori was TP (80.7%), followed by TP and TM (14.0%), then TM (5.3%). All 54 TP cases were at the midline, and most were <2 cm (59.3%), flat (53.7%), and located in the premolar region (40.7%). Of the 11 TM cases, all were bilateral and symmetric, mostly <2 cm (81.9%), lobular (45.4%), and located at premolar region (63.6%). Interestingly, patients with oral tori had slightly lower serum levels of intact parathyroid hormones than those without oral tori, but the difference was not statistically significant (317.3±292.0 versus 430.1±492.6 pg/mL, P = 0.126). In addition, patients with oral tori did not differ from patients without tori in inflammatory variables such as serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (6.6±8.2 versus 10.3±20.2 mg/L, P = 0.147) or nutritional variables such as serum albumin levels (3.79±0.38 versus 3.77±0.45 g/dL, P = 0.790). Furthermore, there were no differences between patients with and without oral tori in dialysis adequacy (weekly Kt/Vurea, 2.14±0.39 versus 2.11±0.33, P = 0.533; weekly creatinine clearance rate, 59.31±17.58 versus 58.57±13.20 L/1.73 m2, P = 0.781), or peritoneal membrane transporter characteristics (P = 0.098).
Secondary hyperparathyroidism does not contribute to the formation of tori in peritoneal dialysis patients. Further studies are warranted.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156988
PubMed: 27275607
PubMed Central: 4898723
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Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Kuan Hsing" sort="Chen, Kuan Hsing" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Kuan-Hsing" last="Chen">Kuan-Hsing Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weng, Shu Man" sort="Weng, Shu Man" uniqKey="Weng S" first="Shu-Man" 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first="I-Kuan" last="Wang">I-Kuan Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsai, Aileen I" sort="Tsai, Aileen I" uniqKey="Tsai A" first="Aileen I." last="Tsai">Aileen I. Tsai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yen, Tzung Hai" sort="Yen, Tzung Hai" uniqKey="Yen T" first="Tzung-Hai" last="Yen">Tzung-Hai Yen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 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Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Pei Ching" sort="Chang, Pei Ching" uniqKey="Chang P" first="Pei-Ching" last="Chang">Pei-Ching Chang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Wen Hung" sort="Huang, Wen Hung" uniqKey="Huang W" first="Wen-Hung" last="Huang">Wen-Hung Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weng, Cheng Hao" sort="Weng, Cheng Hao" uniqKey="Weng C" first="Cheng-Hao" last="Weng">Cheng-Hao Weng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Huang Yu" sort="Yang, Huang Yu" uniqKey="Yang H" first="Huang-Yu" last="Yang">Huang-Yu Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Shou Hsuan" sort="Liu, Shou Hsuan" uniqKey="Liu S" first="Shou-Hsuan" last="Liu">Shou-Hsuan Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Kuan Hsing" sort="Chen, Kuan Hsing" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Kuan-Hsing" last="Chen">Kuan-Hsing Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weng, Shu Man" sort="Weng, Shu Man" uniqKey="Weng S" first="Shu-Man" last="Weng">Shu-Man Weng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Chih Chun" sort="Chang, Chih Chun" uniqKey="Chang C" first="Chih-Chun" last="Chang">Chih-Chun Chang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, I Kuan" sort="Wang, I Kuan" uniqKey="Wang I" first="I-Kuan" last="Wang">I-Kuan Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsai, Aileen I" sort="Tsai, Aileen I" uniqKey="Tsai A" first="Aileen I." last="Tsai">Aileen I. Tsai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yen, Tzung Hai" sort="Yen, Tzung Hai" uniqKey="Yen T" first="Tzung-Hai" last="Yen">Tzung-Hai Yen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The pathogenesis of oral tori has long been debated and is thought to be the product of both genetic and environmental factors, including occlusal forces. Another proposed mechanism for oral tori is the combination of biomechanical forces, particularly in the oral cavity, combined with cortical bone loss and trabecular expansion, as one might see in the early stages of primary hyperparathyroidism. This study investigated the epidemiology of torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM) in peritoneal dialysis patients, and analyzed the influences of hyperparathyroidism on the formation of oral tori.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Method</title><p>In total, 134 peritoneal dialysis patients were recruited between July 1 and December 31, 2015 for dental examinations for this study. Patients were categorized into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of oral tori. Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The prevalence of oral tori in our sample group was high at 42.5% (57 of 134), and most patients with oral tori were female (61.4%). The most common location of tori was TP (80.7%), followed by TP and TM (14.0%), then TM (5.3%). All 54 TP cases were at the midline, and most were <2 cm (59.3%), flat (53.7%), and located in the premolar region (40.7%). Of the 11 TM cases, all were bilateral and symmetric, mostly <2 cm (81.9%), lobular (45.4%), and located at premolar region (63.6%). Interestingly, patients with oral tori had slightly lower serum levels of intact parathyroid hormones than those without oral tori, but the difference was not statistically significant (317.3±292.0 versus 430.1±492.6 pg/mL, P = 0.126). In addition, patients with oral tori did not differ from patients without tori in inflammatory variables such as serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (6.6±8.2 versus 10.3±20.2 mg/L, P = 0.147) or nutritional variables such as serum albumin levels (3.79±0.38 versus 3.77±0.45 g/dL, P = 0.790). Furthermore, there were no differences between patients with and without oral tori in dialysis adequacy (weekly Kt/V<sub>urea</sub>, 2.14±0.39 versus 2.11±0.33, P = 0.533; weekly creatinine clearance rate, 59.31±17.58 versus 58.57±13.20 L/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, P = 0.781), or peritoneal membrane transporter characteristics (P = 0.098).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Secondary hyperparathyroidism does not contribute to the formation of tori in peritoneal dialysis patients. Further studies are warranted.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Antoniades, Dz" uniqKey="Antoniades D">DZ Antoniades</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belazi, M" uniqKey="Belazi M">M Belazi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papanayiotou, P" uniqKey="Papanayiotou P">P Papanayiotou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, As" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia A">AS Garcia-Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Gonzalez, Jm" uniqKey="Martinez Gonzalez J">JM Martinez-Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Font, R" uniqKey="Gomez Font R">R Gomez-Font</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soto Rivadeneira, A" uniqKey="Soto Rivadeneira A">A Soto-Rivadeneira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oviedo Roldan, L" uniqKey="Oviedo Roldan L">L Oviedo-Roldan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27275607</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4898723</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0156988</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-08436</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Nephrology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Dialysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Topology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Hormones</subject><subj-group><subject>Parathyroid Hormone</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subj-group><subject>Creatinine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Oral Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Oral Diseases</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Asia</subject><subj-group><subject>Taiwan</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Nephrology</subject><subj-group><subject>Chronic Kidney Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>C-Reactive Proteins</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oral Tori in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Oral Tori in Peritoneal Dialysis</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Chia-Lin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Ching-Wei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>Pei-Ching</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Wen-Hung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weng</surname><given-names>Cheng-Hao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Huang-Yu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Shou-Hsuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Kuan-Hsing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weng</surname><given-names>Shu-Man</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>Chih-Chun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>I-Kuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Tsai</surname><given-names>Aileen I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Yen</surname><given-names>Tzung-Hai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Aguilera</surname><given-names>Abelardo I</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, SPAIN</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: AIT THY. Performed the experiments: CLH. Analyzed the data: CWH PCC WHH CHW HYY SHL KHC SMW CCC IKW. Wrote the paper: CLH THY.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>ait001@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email> (AIT); <email>m19570@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email> (THY)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>e0156988</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Hsu et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Hsu et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0156988.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The pathogenesis of oral tori has long been debated and is thought to be the product of both genetic and environmental factors, including occlusal forces. Another proposed mechanism for oral tori is the combination of biomechanical forces, particularly in the oral cavity, combined with cortical bone loss and trabecular expansion, as one might see in the early stages of primary hyperparathyroidism. This study investigated the epidemiology of torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM) in peritoneal dialysis patients, and analyzed the influences of hyperparathyroidism on the formation of oral tori.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Method</title><p>In total, 134 peritoneal dialysis patients were recruited between July 1 and December 31, 2015 for dental examinations for this study. Patients were categorized into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of oral tori. Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The prevalence of oral tori in our sample group was high at 42.5% (57 of 134), and most patients with oral tori were female (61.4%). The most common location of tori was TP (80.7%), followed by TP and TM (14.0%), then TM (5.3%). All 54 TP cases were at the midline, and most were <2 cm (59.3%), flat (53.7%), and located in the premolar region (40.7%). Of the 11 TM cases, all were bilateral and symmetric, mostly <2 cm (81.9%), lobular (45.4%), and located at premolar region (63.6%). Interestingly, patients with oral tori had slightly lower serum levels of intact parathyroid hormones than those without oral tori, but the difference was not statistically significant (317.3±292.0 versus 430.1±492.6 pg/mL, P = 0.126). In addition, patients with oral tori did not differ from patients without tori in inflammatory variables such as serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (6.6±8.2 versus 10.3±20.2 mg/L, P = 0.147) or nutritional variables such as serum albumin levels (3.79±0.38 versus 3.77±0.45 g/dL, P = 0.790). Furthermore, there were no differences between patients with and without oral tori in dialysis adequacy (weekly Kt/V<sub>urea</sub>, 2.14±0.39 versus 2.11±0.33, P = 0.533; weekly creatinine clearance rate, 59.31±17.58 versus 58.57±13.20 L/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, P = 0.781), or peritoneal membrane transporter characteristics (P = 0.098).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Secondary hyperparathyroidism does not contribute to the formation of tori in peritoneal dialysis patients. Further studies are warranted.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004663</institution-id><institution>Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>MST 104-2221-E-182A-003</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Yen</surname><given-names>Tzung-Hai</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005795</institution-id><institution>Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>G3D0012, G3E0361, G3D0072, G3F0601</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Yen</surname><given-names>Tzung-Hai</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award003"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005795</institution-id><institution>Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>G3F0371</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>Pei-Ching</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>Support was provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MST 104-2221-E-182A-003) and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan (CMRP G3D0012, G3E0361, G3D0072, G3F0601, C3F1161, G3F0371). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="5"></table-count><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper. Detailed data about the study cohort is improper to provide online according to the privacy policy of Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Ethics Committee. Readers who are interested in the study or who want to understand the data can contact corresponding authors via e-mail (Dr Aileen I Tsai: E-mail: <email>ait001@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email> or Tzung-Hai Yen, E-mail:<email>m19570@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email>).</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper. Detailed data about the study cohort is improper to provide online according to the privacy policy of Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Ethics Committee. Readers who are interested in the study or who want to understand the data can contact corresponding authors via e-mail (Dr Aileen I Tsai: E-mail: <email>ait001@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email> or Tzung-Hai Yen, E-mail:<email>m19570@adm.cgmh.org.tw</email>).</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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